LPG Penetration in India by State: 2025 Analysis

Rank	Region Name	% LPG Penetration Rate
1	Kerala	98
2	Tamil Nadu	97
3	Goa	97
4	Delhi	96
5	Puducherry	96
6	Andhra Pradesh	96
7	Telangana	95
8	Karnataka	95
9	Gujarat	94
10	Maharashtra	94
11	Chandigarh	94
12	Haryana	93
13	Punjab	93
14	Himachal Pradesh	92
15	Uttarakhand	92
16	Jammu and Kashmir	91
17	Rajasthan	90
18	DNHDD	90
19	Madhya Pradesh	89
20	Odisha	88
21	Uttar Pradesh	87
22	West Bengal	85
23	Chhattisgarh	84
24	Jharkhand	83
25	Bihar	82
26	Tripura	81
27	Manipur	80
28	Assam	79
29	Meghalaya	78
30	Mizoram	77
31	Nagaland	76
32	Arunachal Pradesh	75
33	Sikkim	75
34	Lakshadweep	74
35	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	73
36	Ladakh	72

In-depth Analysis

India is set to achieve universal access to clean cooking by 2025, with national LPG penetration reaching 92 percent of the population, an increase from 88.6 percent in urban areas and 42 percent in rural regions as reported in NFHS-5 (2019-21).

The following table ranks states based on their LPG penetration rate, which is defined as the percentage of the population that has access to LPG connections, indicating active coverage relative to the total number of residents.

Southern states such as Kerala and Tamil Nadu lead the rankings with penetration rates of 98 and 97 percent, respectively, attributed to proactive state initiatives and high literacy levels.

In contrast, northeastern areas like Ladakh are at 72 percent, hindered by geographical challenges and logistical issues. The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) is a significant driver of this initiative, aiming to provide 10.33 crore connections by March 2025; however, issues of affordability limit ongoing usage.

This advancement has resulted in a 25 percent reduction in deaths caused by indoor pollution since 2016, although disparities between rural and urban areas remain. The analysis delves into the effects of policies, regional disparities, and the necessity for sustainable practices.

Policy Momentum Drives Nationwide Growth

Since 2016, PMUY has been revolutionizing India’s cooking environment by providing free connections and Rs 300 refill subsidies specifically aimed at impoverished women.

According to PPAC data, by November 2025, there will be 32.94 crore active connections, reaching 92 percent of the 1.44 billion population.

Kerala has achieved an impressive 98 percent coverage through initiatives prior to PMUY, such as offering free BPL stoves since 1997, resulting in 95 percent of households now regularly refilling.

The high female literacy rate of 96 percent empowers women to prioritize their health, thereby decreasing their dependence on firewood. Tamil Nadu closely follows with a 97 percent coverage, utilizing its dense urban networks and state subsidies to add 5 lakh connections each year.

Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have reached 96 and 95 percent respectively, thanks to integrated rural electrification, which ensures that 80 percent of villages have access to distributors within a 5 km radius.

The southern states’ success can be attributed to proactive governance. Karnataka and Maharashtra have achieved 95 and 94 percent coverage, respectively, with technology hubs like Bengaluru enhancing incomes, allowing for 6.5 refills per year compared to the national average of 5.96.

Gujarat’s 94 percent coverage is linked to its proximity to refineries, which produce 20 percent of the country’s LPG and reduce delivery costs by 15 percent.

In the northern states, Haryana and Punjab have reached 93 percent, with Punjab’s flat terrain facilitating truck fleets to serve 90 percent of rural villages.

Himachal Pradesh’s 92 percent coverage is indicative of its mountain micro-grids, although subsidies here cover 70 percent of the costs. These areas are also benefiting from PMUY 2.0, which adds 1 crore additional slots, focusing on aspirational districts.

Uttar Pradesh, with 2.4 crore PMUY beneficiaries, has increased its coverage to 87 percent, a rise of 15 points since 2020, as Aadhaar-linked payments have reduced leakages by 25 percent.

Central initiatives enhance state efforts. Madhya Pradesh achieves 89 percent by electrifying 18,000 villages under DDUGJY, facilitating LPG storage.

Odisha’s progress at 88 percent is supported by coastal refineries that provide 10 percent of the national LPG supply. However, political cycles expedite the rollout; Modi’s 2019 commitment adds 2 crore connections before the elections.

Economic analyses indicate that each Rs 100 increase in subsidies results in a 2 percent rise in penetration in low-income states.

By 2025, urban regions are expected to average 95 percent access, while rural Bihar remains at 82 percent despite 2 crore connections, underscoring implementation challenges.

Regional Disparities Rooted in Geography and Economy

Geography and poverty influence uneven development. The northeastern states lag behind: Arunachal Pradesh, at 75 percent, faces challenges from hilly terrain that raises transport costs by 40 percent, with monsoon seasons causing delays in 20 percent of deliveries.

Assam’s 79 percent improvement is aided by tea estate expansions, but ethnic conflicts in Manipur reduce it to 80 percent, leaving 15 percent reliant on biomass. Ladakh’s 72 percent is a result of its isolation; hybrid solar-LPG initiatives reach only 30 percent of border villages.

Sikkim and Mizoram, at 75 and 77 percent respectively, encounter similar logistical issues, yet community practices promote biogas usage in 10 percent of households.

The eastern and central regions are facing economic challenges. In Bihar, 82 percent of the population conceals rural poverty, where monthly incomes of Rs 1,200 restrict households to only 4 refills.

Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh, with 83 and 84 percent respectively, struggle as tribal forests offer free wood, resulting in 50 percent of homes relying on stacked fuels.

West Bengal’s 85 percent obscures the urban-rural divide: Kolkata achieves 92 percent, yet delta floods disrupt rural supply, impacting 1 million households. Rajasthan’s 90 percent benefits from solar hybrids in desert areas, but water scarcity confines women to collecting fuelwood, leading to 20 percent non-usage.

The union territories exhibit significant variations. Lakshadweep’s 74 percent depends on boat deliveries, which are susceptible to cyclones.

The Andaman Islands’ 73 percent resists transformation in tribal reserves, where 40 percent of the population favors traditional fires. Delhi’s 96 percent flourishes due to metro density and subsidies, with 15 percent of homes having dual connections.

The industrial belt of DNHDD achieves 90 percent. These disparities stem from differences in infrastructure: Punjab’s 90 percent road coverage stands in stark contrast to Bihar’s 60 percent, hindering the expansion of distributors.

The NFHS-5 indicates that rural clean fuel usage is at 42 percent nationally, but southern states surpass 70 percent, attributed to awareness campaigns that reach 80 percent of women.

Health and Environmental Benefits Despite Usage Challenges

Access to LPG reduces respiratory illnesses by 25 percent in PMUY households, according to the WHO, with Kerala achieving a 98 percent penetration rate that decreases child pneumonia by 30 percent.

Women save an average of 2 hours each day, which enhances school attendance by 12 percent in Tamil Nadu. Forests are able to regenerate, preventing the release of 50 million tonnes of CO2 annually, thus supporting net-zero objectives.

However, insufficient refills diminish these advantages: PMUY users typically utilize 4.2 cylinders compared to 6.5 for the general population, as reported by the 2025 PPAC.

In Bihar, where 82 percent have access, 45 percent face stacking issues due to costs, resulting in emissions that are 1.5 times higher in particulates.

The impact of affordability becomes more pronounced following the 2024 price increases, which add Rs 100 for unsubsidized users.

Urban areas in Gujarat report a 94 percent usage rate, while rural Odisha sees a decline to 60 percent during supply shortages. Gender dynamics play a significant role: women hold 100 percent of PMUY accounts and make refill decisions in 70 percent of households.

Nevertheless, migration disrupts families in Jharkhand, leading to a 15 percent decrease in uptake.

Strategies for Achieving Sustained Equity and Innovation

India aims for a 95 percent penetration rate by 2030, as per the IEA, through PMUY 3.0’s Rs 400 renewable subsidies for 2 crore slots in the northeastern region.

Digital tracking via Aadhaar is set to eliminate 2 crore ghost accounts, while drone deliveries in Chhattisgarh are expected to reduce costs by 20 percent. Kerala is testing community cylinders, which have increased usage by 30 percent.

Additionally, private sector expansions are projected to add 50 bottling plants by 2026, reducing reliance on 50 percent imports. States such as Punjab are experimenting with EV-LPG hybrids to promote green mobility.

Source

• Petroleum Planning & Analysis Cell (PPAC). (2024). State-wise active domestic customers of LPG. Government of India.